Pyrolysis and gasification are key thermochemical conversion routes for transforming biomass and waste-derived feedstocks into valuable energy carriers and chemical building blocks. They enable the production of syngas, bio-oil, char, and process heat, and they form the backbone of many advanced biofuel and circular-carbon pathways. Compared to direct combustion, these processes offer greater flexibility in product selection—but they also introduce strong dependencies on feedstock properties, reactor design, and operating conditions.
A core challenge is that real feedstocks are heterogeneous and variable (moisture, ash, volatiles, contaminants), while conversion reactions are complex and often coupled with heat and mass transfer limitations. As a result, successful projects rely on rigorous process modelling to quantify yields, energy efficiency, and product quality—and to evaluate how design choices and operating strategies affect overall plant performance.
